插插插综合网 火鸡排泄物已成为极具后劲的再无邪力
感德节对火鸡来说是一个追悼的节日，但一项新磋磨截止让火鸡活下来更故兴味，因为它们的排泄物对东说念主类的用处远比感德节大餐更大。火鸡的排泄物省略是一种未被建造的生物燃料。
重要词：科普、译文、火鸡、再无邪力
[The back-end product of a turkey is perfect for electricity production, according to scientists at Ben-Gurion University in Israel. When converted to combustible biomass fuel, it could also reduce greenhouse gases and provide a renewable energy source.]
[据以色列本古里安大学的科学家称，火鸡的后端居品终点允洽发电。当改变为可燃生物资燃料时，它还不错减少温室气体并提供可再无邪力。]
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As Thanksgiving arrives, Americans will be cooking their favorite holiday bird and debating the best recipes, ideal roasting temperatures and juiciest stuffing. But a team of scientists at Ben-Gurion University in Israel is preparing something different: turkey poop.
跟着感德节的到来，好意思国东说念主将烹调他们最可爱的节日鸟，并商议最佳的食谱，理念念的烘烤温度和最多汁的馅料。然则，以色列本古里安大学的一组科学家正在准备一些不同的东西：火鸡粪便。
They say that when cooked under the right temperature, pressure and other conditions, turkey droppings transform into a form of coal, which can fuel power plants and serve as a renewable resource.
他们说，在合适的温度，压力和其他要求下解决时，火鸡粪便就会改变成一种煤炭，不错为发电厂提供燃料，并行为一种可再生资源。
Led by professor Amit Gross, chair of the Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, the team focuses on ways to transform waste to resources, and has been experimenting with various forms of manure - an environmental hazard. In industrial agricultural operations, animal waste is usually treated with chemicals, burned or just dumped into landfills, where it contaminates groundwater.
该团队由环境水体裁和微生物学系主任Amit Gross素质调换，专注于将废料改变为资源的次序，并一直在锤真金不怕火多样时势的粪便 - 一种环境风险。在工业农业坐蓐中，动物粪便经常用化学物资解决，烧毁或径直倒入垃圾填埋场，会稠浊地下水。
"It is an environmental burden, and people are still trying to figure out what to do with it," Gross says.
"这是一种环境职守，东说念主们仍在试图弄明晰怎样解决它，"Gross说。
The team started with poultry feces because it was an abundant and promising material. Annually, the world's poultry dishes out from 625 to 938 million metric tons of poop, which is high in carbon and nitrogen - the chemical elements needed for energy generation. Compared to cow manure, which is usually spread out over pastures, chicken and turkey waste is easier to obtain and handle because it's concentrated in smaller areas.
telegram 偷拍该团队从家禽粪便运行，因为它是一种丰富而有出路的材料。每年，全宇宙家禽的粪便量在6.25至9.38亿吨之间，其中碳和氮含量很高 - 这是发电所需的化学元素。与经常漫步在牧场上的牛粪比拟，鸡和火鸡的粪便更容易获取息争决，因为它们网络在较小的区域。
So the scientists gathered some poultry droppings, ground them manually with a mortar and pestle, then put them into autoclaves (heated, high-pressure containers), simulating conditions for the natural formation of coal. They experimented with different temperatures and techniques, compared the outcomes, and outlined the most efficient "recipes."
因此，科学家网罗了一些家禽粪便，用研钵和研杵手工研磨，然后将它们放入高压灭菌器（加热的高压容器）中，模拟煤的当然酿成要求。他们尝试了不同的温度和手艺，比较了截止，并轮廓了最有用的"食谱"。
[Hydro char derived from poultry waste was produced in a lab at Ben-Gurion University in Israel. The hydrochar can be made into briquettes, which can be used as charcoal for cooking food.]
[在以色列本古里安大学的实践室中，从家禽粪便中索要的hydrochar被坐蓐出来。hydrochar不错制成煤砖，煤砖可用作烹调食品的柴炭。]
Juliana Neumann
As for cooking turkey, there are plenty of recipes: roasted, deep-fried, foil-wrapped, smoked, slow-cooked, grilled. But when converting waste to energy, there are really only two options for poop: roasted or stewed.
至于烹调火鸡，有许多食谱：烤，油炸，铝箔包裹，熏制，慢炖，烤。但当把废料改变为能量时，粪便唯有两种采选：烤或炖。
In the first approach, the droppings are heated at 842 degrees Fahrenheit without oxygen. That yields what scientists call biochar - carbonized biomass remains that are akin to coal, with similar combustion properties. However, roasting at such a high temperature requires a lot of energy, and therefore isn't the most efficient fuel production method.
在第一种次序中，粪便在莫得氧气的情况下被加热到842华氏度。这就产生了科学家们所说的生物炭 - 碳化的生物资，其焚烧特点近似于煤炭。关连词，在如斯高的温度下焙烧需要大齐能量，因此并不是最有用的燃料坐蓐次序。
So the team tried cooking the feces wet, at a lower temperature of 482 degrees Fahrenheit, but higher pressure - think stewed in a pressure cooker. That recipe produced hydrochar - a brownish slurry of burnt biomass particles and water. That slurry has a double use. The particles can be separated into a coal-like powder, while the liquid can be used as a safe organic fertilizer, since no pathogens can survive the cooking.
因此，磋磨小组尝试在482华氏度的低温下将粪便弄湿，但压力更高 - 念念念念在高压锅中炖煮。这个配方产生了hydrochar - 一种由焚烧的生物资颗粒和水构成的褐色浆液。该浆料具有双重用途。这些颗粒不错被别离成近似煤的粉末，而液体不错行为一种安全的有机肥料，因为莫得病原体不错在烹调经由中存活。
"Biochar takes lots of energy to remove water from the manure," Gross explains. "By leaving water in and using higher pressure and lower temperature, you use a lot less energy."
"生物炭需要大齐的能量来排除粪便中的水分，"Gross讲明说念。"把水留住，使用更高的压力和更低的温度，就会失掉更少的能量。"
The scientists published their "recipes" and energy comparisons in the journal Applied Energy, stating that as global poultry production continues to grow, its fecal byproduct may help offset some of the world's energy needs. When converted to combustible biomass fuel, it could replace approximately 10 percent of the coal used in electricity generation, reduce greenhouse gases and provide an alternative and renewable energy source, says Vivian Mau, one of the project's researchers.
科学家们在《利用动力》杂志上发表了他们的"食谱"和动力对比，指出跟着内大师禽产量的握续增长，其粪便副居品可能有助于对消内行的一些动力需求。该神志的磋磨东说念主员之一Vivian Mau示意，当改变为可燃生物资燃料时，它不错取代大致10％的发电用煤，减少温室气体排放，并提供一种替代和可再无邪力。
Other types of animals, such as cows, can contribute too. The team even tried pressure-cooking human excrement for a study published in the Journal of Cleaner Production.
其他类型的动物，如奶牛，也不错作念出孝顺。在《清洁坐蓐杂志》上发表的一项磋磨中，磋磨小组甚而试图对东说念主体排泄物进行压力解决。
Poultry-made hydrochar powder is a perfect fit for electricity production - and can be fueling generators now, Mau says. Making this work on an industrial level will take some scaling up, but the team doesn't foresee any engineering problems. Moreover, some furnaces pulverize coal for better combustion, so having the fuel already in powder form rather than lumps is an advantage. "This powder can go straight to the power plants and be loaded into the furnace," Mau says. "And it can also be made into briquettes," she adds, which can be used as charcoal for heating and cooking food.
Mau说，家禽制造的hydrochar粉末终点允洽发电 - 当今不错为发电机提供燃料。在工业层面上进行这项就业需要进行一些推广，但团队并未预念念到任何工程问题。此外，一些熔炉将煤磨成粉末以获取更好的焚烧截止，因此将燃料以粉末状而不是块状存在是一种上风。"这种粉末不错径直参加发电厂，然后被送入熔炉，"Mau说。"它也不错制成煤砖，"她补充说，煤砖不错用作加热和烹调食品的柴炭。
This leads to a curious question: Can Thanksgiving turkeys be roasted using their own carbonized excrement? In theory it's possible. Over its lifetime, a bird generates enough dung for roasting. "In rough calculations it produces twice the amount," says Mau, "but then it can get interesting if we want to compare different cooking methods, recipes, stuffings, etc." So in scientific and recycling terms it makes sense, but the yuck factor is a different story.
这就引出了一个奇怪的问题：感德节火鸡不错使用我方的碳化排泄物进行烤制吗？从表面上讲，这是可能的。在它的一世中，一只鸟会产生弥散的粪便进行烘烤。"毛糙策画，它将产生两倍的量，"Mau说，"但若是咱们念念比较不同的烹调次序，食谱，馅料等等，这就会变得兴趣起来。"因此，在科学和回收方面，它是有兴味的，但令东说念主厌恶的要素又是另一趟事。
The Ben-Gurion team isn't swayed by the yuck factor, though. Their ultimate goal is to try to roast a bird with their homemade hydrochar, and eat if afterwards. "I really hope it's tasty," Gross says - and there is a reason to believe so.
不外，本古里安团队并莫得受到厌恶要素的影响。他们的最终见识是尝试用好处的hydrochar烤一只鸟，然后再吃掉。"我确实但愿它厚味，"Gross说 - 况兼多情理肯定这少量。
Once made, the hydrochar doesn't emit any stink - it even has a pleasant aroma! "It smells of coffee," says Mau. "So it would be interesting to see if it the meat roasted on it will also have coffee flavor."
一朝制成，hydrochar不会发出任何臭味 - 它甚而有一种令东说念主显示的香气！"它闻起来有咖啡的滋味，"Mau说。"是以很兴趣的是，上头烤的肉是否也有咖啡的滋味。"
（使命剪辑：周姚）
（版权阐明，转载自：微信公众号：科学猫科普）
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